Στην βιολογία, το περιβάλλον μπορεί να καθοριστεί σαν ενα σύνολο κλιματικών, βιοτικών, κοινωνικών και εδαφικών παραγόντων που δρουν σε έναν οργανισμό και καθορίζουν την ανάπτυξη και την επιβίωση του. Έτσι, περιλαμβάνει οτιδήποτε μπορεί να επηρεάσει άμεσα τον μεταβολισμό ή τη συμπεριφορά των ζωντανών οργανισμών ή ειδών, όπως το φως, ο αέρας, το νερό, το έδαφος και άλλοι παράγοντες. Δείτε επίσης το άρθρο για το φυσικό περιβάλλον και τη φυσική επιλογή.
Στην αρχιτεκτονική, την εργονομία και την ασφάλεια στην εργασία, περιβάλλον είναι το σύνολο των χαρακτηριστικών ενός δωματίου ή κτιρίου που επηρεάζουν την ποιότητα ζωής και την αποδοτικότητα, περιλαμβανομένων των διαστάσεων και της διαρρύθμισης των χώρων διαβίωσης και της επίπλωσης, του φωτισμού, του αερισμού, της θερμοκρασίας, του θορύβου κλπ. Επίσης μπορεί να αναφέρεται στο σύνολο των δομικών κατασκευών. Δείτε επίσης το άρθρο για το δομημένο περιβάλλον.
Στην ψυχολογία, περιβαλλοντισμός είναι η θεωρία ότι το περιβάλλον (με τη γενική και κοινωνική έννοια) παίζει μεγαλύτερο ρόλο από την κληρονομικότητα καθορίζοντας την ανάπτυξη ενός ατόμου. Συγκεκριμένα, το περιβάλλον είναι ένας σημαντικός παράγοντας πολλών ψυχολογικών θεωριών.
Στην τέχνη, το περιβάλλον αποτελεί κινητήριο μοχλό και μούσα εμπνέοντας τους ζωγράφους ή τους ποιητές. Σε όλες τις μορφές της Τέχνης αποτελεί έμπνευση και οι Καλές Τέχνες φανερώνουν την επιρροή οπού άσκησε σε όλους τους καλλιτέχνες με όποιο είδος Τέχνης κι αν ασχολούνται. Ο άνθρωπος μέσα στο περιβάλλον δημιουργεί Μουσική, Ζωγραφική, Ποίηση, Γλυπτική, χορό, τραγούδι, θέατρο, αλλά και όλες οι μορφές τέχνης έχουν άμεση έμπνευση από το περιβάλλον.

Τετάρτη 20 Μαρτίου 2019

Oral and Maxillofacial

Traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the superficial temporal artery
We present a case that developed a few weeks after a head injury, and its subsequent management. (Source: The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Tue Mar 19, 2019 00:00
Relation between facial fractures and socioeconomic deprivation in the north east of England
Patients with a low socioeconomic status suffer disproportionately from trauma, and have a high incidence of mandibular fractures. To explore how deprivation affects the incidence of facial fractures in the north east of England, we reviewed 1096 patients who were admitted to the oral and maxillofacial surgical (OMFS) unit at Sunderland Royal Hospital for treatment of a facial fracture between December 2013 and December 2017. Levels of socioeconomic deprivation, which were obtained from postcodes...
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Mon Mar 18, 2019 00:00
Topical miconazole and warfarin
Drug interactions can be fatal. A thorough evaluation of medical history and regular medications is essential before the prescription of drugs by all clinicians, nurse practitioners, and pharmacists. Topical medications can be erroneously considered as safer alternatives when drug interactions are known. (Source: The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Mon Mar 18, 2019 00:00
Difflam ™ mouthwash for dry socket
Dry socket (alveolar osteitis) is a complication of dental extractions that can present as severe pain and halitosis between one to three days postoperatively.1 (Source: The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Mon Mar 18, 2019 00:00
Postoperative neck pain associated with an implantable microvascular ultrasonic Doppler: a case report
We present the unusual case of a patient who had developed recurrent infection and pain that was associated with its use. (Source: The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Mon Mar 18, 2019 00:00
Minimally-invasive alternative to the extraction of deeply-impacted supernumerary teeth using a computer-designed surgical template
Supernumerary teeth exist throughout the dental arch and are more common in the maxilla than in the mandible.1,2 Impacted supernumerary teeth are usually extracted before orthodontic treatment,3,4 but it is difficult to remove those in the mandible that are located low on the lingual side. (Source: The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Mon Mar 18, 2019 00:00
Use of ultrasound intraoperatively to locate extraoral implants
We describe a new technique that uses ultrasound guidance to reduce operating time by rapidly locating implants that are not palpable. (Source: The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Mon Mar 18, 2019 00:00
Chronic osteomyelitis induced by the placement of dental implants on cemento-osseous dysplasia
Cemento-osseous dysplasia is a well-known condition in which healthy bone becomes sclerotic. Hypovascularity of the lesion (caused by cementum-like deposits) increases the risk of secondary infection and osteomyelitis, which can also be induced by the placement of implants. (Source: The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Mon Mar 18, 2019 00:00
Adult Comorbidity Evaluation-27 as a predictor of postoperative complications, two-year mortality, duration of hospital stay, and readmission within 30 days in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
The Adult Comorbidity Evaluation (ACE)-27 is a validated scoring system for comorbid conditions. We have evaluated the correlation between it and the duration of hospital stay, readmission within 30 days, complications, and two-year survival in patients having primary surgical treatment for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. We studied patients with SCC who had selective neck dissection, resection of the tumour, and reconstruction between 2007 and 2013. Patients who had palliative...
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Sat Mar 16, 2019 00:00
Spilanthes acmella flowers and painful swelling of the lips
Swelling of the lips has many causes and therefore diagnosis is always challenging. An accurate history and evaluation of the course of the disease provide important clues to its aetiology. (Source: The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Wed Mar 13, 2019 00:00
A timely reminder of the importance of follow up
Alveolar osteitis is a common reason for dental emergencies after the extraction of teeth. Dentists are well-equipped and educated to manage it and have a range of options with which to relieve the symptoms. (Source: The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Fri Mar 08, 2019 00:00
Severity and Outcome Assessment score: a useful tool for auditing orthognathic surgery
Many indices and scoring systems exist for assessing skeletal patterns and malocclusion but none have been universally adopted by teams providing orthognathic surgery in the UK. Using a standardised objective measure of a patient 's condition is important both for service provision, treatment allocation, and other clinical governance domains. The Severity and Outcome Assessment tool (SOA) developed by the British Orthodontic Society (BOS) and British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons...
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Wed Mar 06, 2019 00:00
Scope for patient-led diagrammatic mapping of facial pain
We describe the potential uses of diagrammatic mapping in patients with facial pain or temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) to help plan both treatment and operation, which follows a recent initiative at Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust. (Source: The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Tue Mar 05, 2019 00:00
Social impact of cleft lip repair on married adults: an uncommon finding from a semi-urban African settlement
An orofacial cleft may have an appreciable psychosocial impact on patients that could affect their social lives, including the choice of who they marry. We retrospectively reviewed the impact of repair of cleft lip on marriage in adult patients in our institution by questioning a group of patients treated from July 2009-June 2017. There were 120 adult patients who had cleft lips repaired, of whom 17 (14%) patients changed their marital status. The mean (SD) ages of the 17 were 32 (1), range 20 –41,...
The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Tue Mar 05, 2019 00:00

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