Abstract
Since the 1980 s, gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCA) are routinely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as stable chelates of the Gd3+ ion, without toxic effects. Generally, GBCAs are considered as some of the safest contrast agents. However, it has been observed that they can accumulate in patients tissue, bone and probably in brain (causing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with kidney failure, insufficiency and disturbance of calcium homeostasis in the organism). The GBCAs are predominantly removed renally without metabolization. Subsequent, they do not undergo degradation processes in wastewater plants (WTPs) and are emitted into the aquatic ecosystem. Their occurrence was confirmed in surface waters (up to 1100 ng/L), sediments (up to 90.5 µg/g) and living organisms. Based on literature review, there is a need to investigate the contamination of different ecosystems and to ascertain the environmental fate of gadolinium. Long-term ecotoxicological data, degradation, metabolism, bioaccumulation processes and biochemical effects of the Gd-complexes should be explored. These data can be used to assess detailed environmental risks (ERA), because currently only hotspots with high level of Gd can be marked as dangerous for aquatic environments according to performed ERA. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
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